Independent, conflict-free, high-quality evidence should be used to support decision-making for medicines reimbursement. This process should be maximally transparent, with decisions publicly available and discussed, and effectively disseminated to all stakeholders. Cartilage loss and the healing of arthritis is difficult and an optimal solution remains unavailable due to the poor blood supply and regenerative capability of cartilage. Recently, tissue engineering has become a promising treatment alternative. However, the availability of chondrogenic cells for cartilage tissue engineering is limited. Mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated from bone marrow, synovium, periosteum, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue, and have been widely used for BAY 43-9006 Raf inhibitor osteochondral repair. However, the invasive harvesting procedure, and difficulties in retaining the stemness and a prolonged proliferation capability has restricted their further application. Recently, interest in pluripotent or primitive stem cells has increased. Human embryonic stem cells can be differentiated into chondrocytes using certain procedures and conditions, but concerns regarding possible immunorejection as well as limited availability and ethical issues have been raised. Since Yamanaka and colleagues retrodifferentiated somatic cells to an ESC-like state, namely iPSCs, numerous reports regarding safer and more efficient methods for generating iPSCs for clinical applications have been published. iPSCs can also be induced into a variety of cell lineages, including the osteochondral lineage, and studies using scaffolds or gel carriers to enhance the chondrogenesis of iPSCs have been performed. A competent scaffold for cartilage reconstruction should provide the necessary mechanical strength, directed and controlled degradation, as well as the appropriate porosity to allow the nutrients and waste to diffuse, promoting cell proliferation. Rigid scaffolds, such as poly and PLA can provide more support under load, which may be particularly important after the initial surgery, but may affect the properties of maturing chondrocytes and hyaline cartilage if not broken down appropriately; moreover, their application requires more invasive surgical implantation procedures. An alternative is natural or synthetic hydrogels. The advantages of gel scaffolds are that cells can be distributed homogenously before the polymerization process, and the scaffolds are highly permeable. However, gel scaffolds generally lack sufficient mechanical strength; thus, maintaining the original spatial structure and original site of implantation is difficult. The electrospinning method produces continuous, randomly aligned polymeric nanofibers with diameters ranging from dozens of nanometers to several microns, although such scaffolds have considerable porosity and surface area as in a 3D structure. Specific natural ingredients such as gelatin, glycosaminoglycan, chitosan and hyaluronic acid can promote the hydrophilicity. These features enable electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds to mimic the extracellular matrix of cartilage. Thus, we synthesized a nanofibrous scaffold using PCL and gelatin and investigated its effect on the chondrogenic induction of iPSCs, via embryoid body formation and highcell-density culture in vitro; we implanted the cell-scaffold complex into an animal model of articular cartilage defect and assessed the efficacy of cartilage restoration in vivo. In this study we investigated the effect of a 3D nanofibrous structure on the chondrogenic induction of iPSCs in vitro and the repair of an articular cartilage defect in a non-weight-bearing area. Our findings showed that the growth and chondrogenesis of iPSCs were enhanced by culture on a nanofibrous scaffold.