Considering the CPAL as a useful neuropsychological measure of visual associate BKM120 learning in children. Despite these limitations, the current data suggest that the CPAL is a developmentally appropriate measure of visual associate learning in children as young as five years of age. The generation of human red blood cells in vitro for transfusion purposes is a major goal of health services globally. In recent years advances in the development of systems for the generation of erythrocytes in vitro have progressed rapidly using progenitor cells isolated from a variety of different stem cell sources. Of these, induced pluropotent stem cells have great potential to provide an inexhaustible source of progenitors for the generation of large numbers of RBCs, and to facilitate the innovative development of allogeneic and rare blood group products for transfusion purposes. Induced pluripotent stem cells were first established in 2006 by Takahashi and Yamanaka who used retrovirus to transduce 24 pluripotency associated genes into mouse fibroblasts, identifying four genes, Oct-4, SOX-2, C-myc and Klf-4, required to mediate reprogramming. The cells are similar to embryonic pluripotent stem cells in their morphology, pluripotency marker expression, self-renewal property and ability to differentiate into the three primary germ layers both in vivo and in vitro. Such reports highlight the potential for generating RBCs in vitro from iPSC. However, to date erythroid differentiation has been confirmed only by morphological analysis and expression of a very limited number of RBC markers, including glycophorin A and transferrin receptor. Functionally, Kobari et al have shown that the reticulocytes generated from iPSC exhibit a similar oxygen binding capacity to cord blood RBCs, which contain predominantly fetal hemoglobin. A more detailed characterization and a comprehensive analysis of the protein expression profile of erythroid cells generated in vitro from iPSCs, in comparison to that of normal adult erythroid cells, is required to determine how similar these cells actually are to normal erythroid cells and to identify key deficiencies in iPSC-derived erythroid cells accounting for reduced enucleation efficiency and failure of globin switching. To achieve this we used mass spectrometry to firstly define the proteome of erythroid cells differentiated from the iPSC line C19, demonstrating that these cells express hallmark RBC proteins, including all those of the ankyrin and 4.1R complex, and undergo erythroid specific developmental events. We next took a comparative proteomic approach, utilizing multiplex Tandem Mass Tag labeling to compare the proteome of erythroid cells differentiated from three iPSC lines with that of adult and cord blood progenitors. Of the 1989 proteins quantified only 1.9% differed in level by 5-fold or more between the iPSC and adult erythroid cells. Notably, the level of.30 hallmark erythroid proteins was consistent between these cells. In addition, a sub-population of iPSC erythroid cells in each of the iPSC lines completed enucleation.