Interestingly can be found at pre-neoplastic developmental stages of signaling target proteins and perception factors remain

Identifying early EMT process in primary tumors could then allow detection of tumors progressing towards metastasis. As expression of macroH2A1.1 seems to be correlated with EMT and unfavorable behavior in untreated TNBC patients, it is tempting to suggest macroH2A1.1 expression levels as an early biomarker of tumor genesis. Extant bryophytes are considered as descendants of the first plants that colonized land ca 460–470 million years ago. They were able to sustain growth and reproduction in an aerial environment due to their evolutionarily innovative features that could anchor the plant to the soil. Physcomitrella patens is a bryophyte from the moss lineage that is now a widespread plant model for studying evolution of plant development mechanisms and diversification of plant architecture. Despite its simple architecture, P. patens has developmental mechanisms that are very similar to those of vascular plants, with hormones playing central roles as growth regulators. In P. patens, haploid spores germinate and the first cells divide, producing chloronema filaments that very rapidly differentiate into a second type of filament, the caulonema. Chloronema filaments, rich in chloroplasts, only grow in the light. In contrast, caulonema filaments contain fewer chloroplasts, show faster apical cell division and ensure filament extension and colonization of the soil, in the light and in the dark. Chloronema and caulonema filaments both elongate by tip growth, and constitute the protonemal network. The subapical cell of caulonema divides asymmetrically to form a bud that goes on to develop a leafy shoot, the gametophore, on which reproductive structures differentiate and fertilization takes place. Rhizoid filaments differentiate from the gametophore and ensure soil anchoring and nutrient uptake. SLs are small carotenoid-derived molecules that, as phytohormones, have multiple roles during plant development in addition to inhibiting branching. They regulate root architecture and root hair growth, secondary growth and plant height. Before the discovery of their phytohormonal properties, SLs were known for their role in the rhizosphere as signals emitted by host plants that promote parasitic plant seed germination and stimulate hyphal proliferation of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as part of a complex molecular dialogue. It is very likely that SLs are very ancient molecules that played a crucial role in plant adaptation to the terrestrial environment. Recent studies indicate that the primary role of SLs was hormonal: these molecules probably appeared prior to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis because they have been detected in Charales, which predate the Embryophyta lineage. Very recently, several target proteins have been described, that would be degraded following their recognition by a complex involving MAX2/D3, D14 and an active SL. These include the DWARF53 rice repressor and the Arabidopsis brassinosteroid transcriptional effector BES1.