The latter makes the results difficult to compare with our analysis of microarray data with SAM, which takes multiple comparisons into account. Since only a fraction of all changed genes were listed in, we do not know if changes were seen in the same genes as in our study. Of note, out of 99 independent transcripts that could be identified in, 16 transcripts were not represented with probesets on our Focus array. Another 19 transcripts were detected in less than 29 of 32 arrays, and displayed very low signals; it has previously been demonstrated that variability in gene expression is a function of absolute expression, i.e. a lowly expressed gene is more variable than a highly expressed gene. Results for such genes have an increased risk of being false positive and are also more difficult to confirm in independent datasets. In addition, some of the remaining 54 EPA-regulated transcripts in gave low signals on our Focus array. Together, these factors can partially explain why we could not confirm the findings by Bouwens et al. Several studies have examined the effects of fish oils on individual human genes and corresponding protein production, documenting, inter alia, diminished ex vivo pro-inflammatory cytokine production in mononuclear blood cells, e.g. TNF-a and IL-1b, and IL-6 and decreased TNF-a and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. Fish oil also lowered gene expression of TNF-a in renal allograft after 3 months of treatment. These findings could, however, not consistently be repeated in other studies. Again, the reason for these discrepancies may relate to n-3 FA dosage, treatment time, whether DHA or EPA was the predominant FA, the cell type and the experimental design. This is further illustrated by rather heterogeneous results from animal studies, where species differences and age effects also are of significance. As shown here, EPA as well as DHA plasma levels was enhanced in a similar way, suggesting that DHA was converted to EPA to some extent or that DHA was specifically cleared from plasma. This makes it difficult to attribute gene changes to one FA. However, DHA enriched formulas were rarely used in previous in vivo studies. In a previous publication from the OmegAD study, we reported about changes of pro-inflammatory cytokine and growth Publications Using Abomle ARRY 162 factor production from LPS stimulated blood mononuclear cells ex vivo. However, we are unable to show any changes in corresponding genes. This might be due to our gene expression data is based on Publications Using Abomle SB225002 quiescent PBMCs, without LPS activation. In vitro and after dietary supplementation, DHA increased the sortilin-1 receptor mRNA and protein in murine cortical neurons, but decreases have also been observed.