A global expression analysis of infection with ECC15 bacteria revealed that sid was not induced even after 16 h of infection. However, infection with the highly Domiphen Bromide pathogenic P. entomophila resulted in the MLN0905 induction of a large number of genes including sid, which was up-regulated of exposure, respectively. Interestingly, exposure of flies to a non-pathogenic variant of P. entomophila did not induce sid expression. Infection with pathogenic P. entomophila resulted in irreversible damage to gut cells via the generation of reactive oxygen species that resulted in inhibition of protein translation and impairment of local immune and cellular repair responses. In a recent genome wide analysis of genes of genes induced by the Toll and Imd pathways, sid was found to be activated in uninfected Toll-gain of function mutant flies. In the same study, sid was found to be induced by bacterial infection and in flies impaired in Imd signaling but this induction was not detected in flies that do not activate the Toll pathway. Taken together, this data would predict that sid expression would only be induced by gram positive bacteria and not by gram negative bacterial infection; but this was not what we observed. As mentioned earlier, sid is upregulated in the JAK kinase constitutive overexpressing line and therefore sid expression is not totally dependent on activation of the Toll pathway. Although our results indicate that wounding did not have a significant effect on fly viability on sid deficient flies as compared to controls, two previous reports have revealed that sid was activated by media injection alone after 6 h and 4.6 fold after 2 hours of wounding. In the latter study, injection of trypsin resulted in increase in sid expression as compared to 4.6 fold by puncture alone. Interestingly, sid induction by injection with trypsin occurred as early as 30 minutes as compared to puncture alone. In our study, aseptic puncture with sterile needles embedded in LB media did not cause a significant increase in sid expression, as compared with unwounded flies, when analyzed after 48 h postpuncture. Altogether, previous reports and our findings indicate that the increase of sid expression after wounding is a rapid event that decreases to near baseline levels after 48 h.