Remarkably, Fhk1, the homolog of the histidine kinase BOS1 in F. oxysporum was found to be involved in modulating stress adaptation and virulence. Besides, Foc1 and Foc4 encode 3 response regulators that are similar to SSK1, SKN7 and MoRim15. SSK1 and SKN7 were characterized to contribute to osmolarity stress and fungicide action in C. albicans and M. oryzae. SSk1 and MoRim15 are essential for virulence in C. albicans and M. oryzae, respectively. Protein kinases are responsible for the phosphorylation of proteins, which thus play Yohimbine-Hydrochloride pivotal roles in signal transduction in eukaryote cells. Both Foc genomes encode,100 protein kinases, 19 of which have highly similar sequences in PHI database. This implies that protein kinases and the pathways that they are involved in have crucial roles during infection of banana. Among these 19 protein kinases, Fmk1 is unique protein kinase that has been functionally characterized in Foc. The RNA-seq data revealed the transcript levels of some virulence associated kinase genes were significantly increased in Foc4 but were decreased or had no variation in Foc1 during exposed to the ��Brazil�� banana for 48 h as compared to that at the vegetative growth stage. We thus inferred that the seven protein kinases might participate in infection Terbuthylazine process and contribute to virulence to the banana ��Brazil��. Unexpectedly, the expression of Fmk1 was induced neither in Foc1 nor in Foc4, implying that its induction might be not required for Foc during pre-infection of banana. Following the signal transduction, different transcription factors would be activated to regulate physiological response of cells. Foc1 encodes 729 putative transcription factors compared to 793 for Foc4. The numbers of TF families of homeodomain-like and Zn2Cys6 were significantly higher in Foc4 than in Foc1. Sixteen of these putative transcription factors have homologs in PHI database. For example, four putative Zn 2Cys6-type transcription factors are markedly similar to Fow2, CLTA1, MGG_09263 and CTB8 that were experimentally proven to be implicated in pathogenicity.