In addition, many novel LO effects were distinguished using the IPA bioinformatics tool. We discuss below each of the six genes that were used for RT-PCR analysis and some of the top molecules and networks that were obtained from the IPA analysis in the context of LO action and probable effects. In the second study, MMP19 protein was identified as a key regulator of lung fibrosis in mice and humans, suggesting that the up-regulation of MMP19 by lung injury may play a protective role in the development of fibrosis through the induction of Oxymetazoline hydrochloride prostagl and in-endoperoxide synthase 2. Another interesting gene candidate was the Gprc5b gene, whose function is not well known but, as the name implies, has a GPCR and protein kinase activator activities. This gene was also identified as the eight top-ranking molecules. Previously, It and coworkers have reported on the anatomical and histological mRNA Daphnetin expression profiles of or phan GPCRs in the gastrointestinal tract, and among them interestingly, the Gprc5b mRNA expression was found preferentially in the muscle-my enteric nerve layer, which is similar to the GPCRs expressed in central and entericnerve systems with regulatory roles throughout the gut-brain axis. A recent study reported that GPRC5B might be a control point in adipose signaling systems, linking diet-induced obesity to type-2 diabetes. Is it possible that this protein might function in sensing LO and transmitting its effect via an inflammation-linked signaling pathway? Other than Gprc5b, the 2nd top network in the small intestine revealed other GPR genes, Gpr158, Gpr27,Gpr84,including the chemosensory receptor family member Taar5 further suggesting a certain role for the induced expression of these transmembrane receptors by LO in sensing the volatiles in its induction by LO. In particular, a recent report on the human TAAR5 revealed its specific activation by a highly volatile aminic compound, trimethylamine, indicating its role as a molecular sensor for detecting volatile amines. In our study, identification of Taar5 gene expression and the generated network revealing a cluster of GPRs and TAAR5 suggests the first step in sensing LO might take place in the small intestine.