The possible gastrointestinal tract affecting its barrier function as well as modulation of the anti-oxidative system

These adverse effects include the inhibitions of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, and lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. Although DON causes a big economical loss to swine production, little has been done to investigate the nutritional strategy that may be useful in Dasatinib protecting pigs from the damage caused by consuming DON in contaminated diets. Glutamic acid, a functional amino acid, plays various crucial roles in the intestinal tract, including substrate for various metabolic pathways, energy source for intestinal mucosa, mediator for cell signaling, regulator for oxidative reactions, as well as immune responses and barrier function. Considering the known functions of glutamic acid in intestine, we hypothesized that dietary glutamic acid supplementation may ameliorate the toxic effects of DON. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of glutamic acid supplementation on the oxidative stress, intestinal barrier loss and protein inhibition induced by DON in piglets. The present study showed that consuming DON-contaminated diets causes obvious oxidative stress to piglets from the change of analyzed indicators. Indeed, DON induced oxidative stress is widely observed in chickens, mice, pigs, rats, fish, and even cell lines isolated from human. Intriguingly, our results demonstrated that supplementing glutamic acid to DON-contaminated piglet diet alleviates the oxidative stress caused by DON from the change of CAT, T-AOC, MDA and H2O2. It is well established that glutamate is involved in the oxidative response in body because L-glutamate is a precursor for glutathione, which is involved in the enterocyte redox state and in the detoxification process in enterocytes. Further data about the serum GSH levels are needed to validate this explanation. Reduced DAO activity in the intestine and kidney, and increased D-lactate level in serum are shown to correlate with the extent of histologic injury. Thus, in addition to microscopic lesions in intestine, the D-lactate concentration in serum, and DAO activity in serum and tissue were also detected to assess the effects of DON exposure on intestinal barrier function. The increased blood D-lactate levels, and reduced intestinal and kidney DAO activity suggest that the intestinal barrier integrity is severely compromised by DON intake. This reasoning also is demonstrated by the microscopic observation in the jejunum and ileum. The reasonable contributors come from the effect DON on wall morphology, tight junction, inflammation, oxidative stress, epithelial proliferation. Interestingly, DON affects the intestinal epithelial barrier from both the apical and basolateral side. Compellingly, supplementing glutamic acid to DON-contaminated diets promotes the intestinal recovery in piglets. In fact, increasing investigations in vivo and in vitro have demonstrated that glutamic acids exerts significant beneficial effects on intestinal barrier function. This intestinal barrier dysfunction might be associated with intestinal metabolism because the concentration of amino acid has a downward trend in DON group, while seven amino acids in DG group are increased, compared to DON group.