Conversely, ataxin-3 is implicated in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation; thus, it is tempting to speculate that stimulating the aggregation of ataxin-3 might exacerbate ER stress-related dysfunction. In total, our findings support the general notion that polyglutamine aggregate-formation contributes to neurodegeneration by sensitizing cells to physiologic or environmental stress. In this regard, blocking or slowing aggregation Ginsenoside-Ro elicits a strong cytoprotective effect in our study. These implications may hold importance for other protein misfolding diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, tauopathies, and Parkinson��s, Alzheimer��s, and prion disorders. As flight animals and grazers the wild ancestors of modern horses were naturally 
selected for speed and the ability to traverse long distances. Since horses were domesticated on the Eurasian steppe some 6,000 years ago they have been selected for strength, speed and endurance-exercise traits. This process has been uniquely augmented in Thoroughbred horses, which for four centuries have been subject to intense artificial selection for system-wide structural and functional adaptations that contribute to athletic performance phenotypes. As a result Thoroughbreds possess a range of extreme physiological characteristics enabling both high anaerobic and aerobic metabolic capabilities. In comparison to other athletic species of similar size, the aerobic capacity or maximal oxygen uptake of Thoroughbreds is superior and is achieved by a remarkable oxygen carrying capacity and delivery facilitated by structural and functional adaptations involving the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Specifically, some of these adaptations include a large lung volume, high maximum haemoglobin concentration and cardiac output as well as a large muscle mass to body weight ratio, high skeletal muscle mitochondrial density and oxidative enzyme activity and large Diperodon intramuscular stores of energy substrates in which equivalent concentrations are only achieved in human skeletal muscle after carbohydrate loading. Similar to humans, the VO2max in horses is usually limited by oxygen supply to the mitochondria rather than by mitochondrial oxidative capacity, with the respiratory system in horses unable to meet the metabolic demands of exercising muscle. Although the physical and physiological adaptations contributing to elite athleticism in Thoroughbred are well described.