Indeed, mild (S)Ginsenoside-Rh2 mitochondrial uncoupling is a highly effective intervention to prevent the formation of ROS. Interestingly, increased respiratory rates associated with mitochondrial uncoupling are measured in some organisms under caloric restriction, the most widely reproduced approach associated with lifespan extension. CR-induced Calycosin changes in respiratory activity result in lower mitochondrial ROS generation and oxidative damage reinforcing the ����uncoupling to survive���� hypothesis. CR also increases the number of functional respiratory units and promotes changes in mitochondrial dynamics which may affect respiratory rates. Nisoli et al. demonstrated that mitochondrial biogenesis was essential for many beneficial effects of dietary limitation in mice, and that this process was driven by nitric oxide signaling. Biogenesis-promoting NON is synthesized by the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase, an enzyme present in diverse tissues and sensitive to nutritional status which modulates Akt activity and, consequently, eNOS phosphorylation. In addition, long term exposure to elevated ROS levels impairs eNOS activity. As a result, mitochondrial biogenesis is regulated by changes in animal energy metabolism as well as the redox state of the tissue. We recently demonstrated that murine lifespan can be extended by low doses of the mitochondrial uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol in a manner accompanied by weight loss, lower serological levels of glucose, insulin and triglycerides as well as a strong decrease in biomarkers of oxidative damage and tissue ROS release. Similar effects have been repeatedly reported using CR diets. Based on the similarities between these two interventions, we hypothesized that DNP treatment could also lead to enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis. In this manuscript, we measured the effects of DNP treatment and CR on mitochondrial biogenesis and associated pathways. We observed that both DNP and CR increase mitochondrial biogenesis as well as basal Akt and eNOS activities, confirming that signaling events in both treatments converge. This is the first experimental evidence that uncoupling in vivo can impact mitochondrial number and function. Most of them are 10�C50 residues in length. They can provide an effective and fast acting defense against harmful microorganisms. There are two major vertebrate antimicrobial peptide families including cathelicidins and defensins. Cathelicidins have been found in many mammalians and birds. Recently, a few cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides were identified from snake venoms. They are the first report of reptile cathelicidins. Acne vulgaris is the most common skin disease. It often occured in areas containing large skin oil glands, such as face, back, and trunk. The pathogenesis of acne is currently attributed to multiple factors such as hormonal factors, hyperkeratinization, resident microbiota, sebum, nutrition, cytokines and toll-like receptors.