When transfected into monocytes, we observed that the effect of pre-miR-129-5p on transcript levels after MDP-stimulation represents almost the opposite to the effect observed when transfecting cells with antimiR-146a and anti-miR-378 after TNF-a stimulation. This could illustrate the similar Clinafloxacin target gene spectrum of TNF-aand MDP-driven immune responses, since the opposite effects may result from pre- versus anti-miRNA transfection. Moreover, this observation supports the hypothesis of shared mechanisms between TNF-a- and MDP-driven immune responses, which on the other hand are the result of different events. Finally, these findings present miR-129-5p as a novel candidate for NOD-like receptor -mediated responses. The complexity and the potential involvement of interaction partners which were not monitored in this study is demonstrated by the example of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 : It is downregulated upon transfection of THP-1 cells with pre-miR-129-5p in the presence of MDP, but upregulated upon transfection with anti-miR-146a or anti-miR-378 in the presence of TNF-a. The downregulation however, can not be attributed to miR-129-5p exclusively, since this miRNA responded only to MDP, not to TNF-a. The finding was underscored by findings in THP-1 and HEK293 cells. This suggests either an interaction of several miRNAs or the presence of additional regulatory elements, or both. In this context, it is unclear to which extent the molecular mechanisms of the three selected miRNAs overlap, however, they exhibit differences on various levels: they show different endogenous levels, in silico predictions suggest different target genes and they display different effects on selected target genes in THP cells. The presented experimental setup does not allow identifying direct interactions between miRNAs and target transcripts for all miRNAs. Experiments like alternating the miRNA binding site on target transcripts will be required to further finemap the regulatory network of miRNAs in health and disease. It has to be noted, that the observation of changes in the quantity of a target gene transcript can be only observed when the RNA is degraded. In contrast to that, a translational repression, which is the second proposed mode of action for miRNAs, could not be detected with this setup. Since our initial target gene screen detected only differential mRNA expression and not translational repression, it is valid to further follow these results, while keeping in mind that not all effects of the miRNAs could have been monitored. Moreover, response patterns of miRNAs cannot display a complete picture of the regulatory processes during responses to pro-inflammatory stimuli. Various elements other than miRNAs are involved in this regulation, similarly the selected miRNAs show only a small proportion of potentially relevant regulatory miRNAs. In the same context, assessing the biological impact of miRNAs and their downstream target genes in response to bacterial stimuli requires further studies, ideally conducted in diseased individuals. Due to the high inter-individual variation and other limitations of biological material from clinical setting, screening approaches in model systems will remain the method of choice for initial studies. Excessive development of adipose tissue in obesity is characterized by an accumulation of immune cells. In several models of murine obesity, the dynamic phase of AT growth is associated with BMS-599626 monocyte recruitment. Adipose tissue macrophages originating from these newly recruited monocytes showed a marked inflammatory phenotype in comparison to resident ATM.